18-6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

18-6 - Assignment Example By drawing the sample of fifty cards, I did not get a defective deck since I did not pick any joker or king cards which were theoretically assigned the value of a defective card. Thus, it is my reasoned opinion and line of thought that the deck that I did chose from the shuffle of cards was not defective to that extent. The second draw that I with replacement has a defect since I got a king thereby meaning that the permutations that I did with the previous set of cards could not be repeated. This is to say that the cards that I drew on the second ruffle gave me a defective result since I got a king card which we theoretically assigned the value of a defective score or card. I did not get 25% of each suit because the sample given which are 13 did not represent the whole population which is given as 52. There were variation in the number and types of cards selected resulting to less than 25% number of suits chosen. Therefore, about my sample I have a bad deck since I am unable to choose 25% number of suits. When using a single sample a proportion of 0.192 is obtained. For example, 10/52 gives as 0.192. Therefore, a single sample does not give a clear representation of the population since its proportion is less as compared to the population it represents. Also, when comparing average sample to a single sample, the average for the 10 sample gives a greater proportion than the single sample. On the other hand, average sample gives a good representative of the whole population since its proportion is closer to the population. It is not possible to get 25% of each suit because the sample proportion is small. Also, when we repeat with 5 samples, the outcome will be the same. The conclusion is that, it is difficult to get 25% of each suit when using fewer samples. Therefore, the higher the number of samples used the higher the chances of getting 25% of each suits. 10/52 gives 0.1923 or 19.23%, 26/52 gives 0.5 or 50%, 51/52 gives 0.9808 or 98.08% and

Advantages Of Digital Technology

Advantages Of Digital Technology Development of information systems and technology has evolved a number of changes in current trends and patterns of technology. Development of technology has evolved with development of digital technologies and smart phones in current market scenario. The following project is a study of digital technology as a new innovation in the information technology sector. The above part is well explained with the help of various examples defining the above statement as there is tremendous growth in development of various smart phones. The analysis has been drawn after researching from various books, websites and scholarly articles and critical analysis is being provided for the same. Digital Technologies: Over-view (Source:   [1]  www.hypersounds.es) Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of two states: positive and non-positive. Positive is expressed or represented by the number 1 and non-positive by the number 0. Thus, data transmitted or stored with digital technology is expressed as a string of 0s and 1s. Each of these state digits is referred to as a bit (and a string of bits that a computer can address individually as a group is a byte). (www.searchcio  [2]  midmarket.techtarget.com) ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY We will understand some of the advantages of the digital technology in brief which will help to understand the concept in clear. Quality Advantage: The storage of digital as well visual information remains constant with the digital quality. Whereas the analog gets corrupted or duplicated if the signal is lost. Even in terms of digital quality it does not suffer from problems like analog signals or transmission of data. Editing Advantage: Non-linear editing allow taking piece of digital information along with re-arranging them at without any loss of quality. Splice of tape is moreover difficult and damages the original data. It also helps to combine the multiple sources of data into a single source. Portable: Digital technologies provide portability to the devices of any kind of nature. It gives the device high amount of portability and flexibility to the device. Storage and portability of data is very easy and not complex in nature. This is the most important feature of portable devices. (Laudon Laudon, 2007) Literature Review Digital technologies are basically put into use with a variety of physical form of communication like satellites or fiber optic transmission devices. According to Laudon and Laudon (2007) digital signals transfers the information in the form of wave with the help of satellites which has helped todays communication to survive and grow fast. On the basis of various studies made from different sources smart phones will make more competitive advantage through introducing different digital technological with technological advancement. Digital information is transformed with the help of a modem in the computer to analog signals and then analog phone signals are converted into digital information of a computer device or any other device. Even the technological advancement, engineering, re-construction and technological transfer have made smart phones the renowned innovation in this earth. SMART PHONES: A DEVICE OF UNLIMITED EXPECTATIONS (www.editorsweblog.org  [3]  ) The term Smartphone is sometimes used to characterize a wireless telephone set with special computer-enabled features not previously associated with telephones (www.searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com  [4]  ) The smart phones are a result of constant development of digital technology in todays market. There are number of companies which make use of digital technology and have come up with a variety of smart phones. The leading companies are Apple Industries, Research in Motion, Nokia, HTC and many more. All these companies have come up with the best possible smart phones which have an unbelievable features and advantages. Smart phones are usually possess a number of features like Wireless Internet Services, Personal Information Management, Online Banking facility, Personal Organizer, Digital Camera with Photoshop and much more. ADVANTAGES OF SMARTPHONES: The smart phones are already built in with smart applications as well as loaded with immense features which help to make the smart phones different from other devices. Keeps Organized: Smartphones are loaded with applications like personal organizer along with various applications for reminders, calendars as well as task-to-do list and much more which makes an individual organized with information on finger tips Makes Work Easy:- It is to notice that with the help of smart phone, any person can make notes, review their various files and contact on the phone itself making the work more easy and simple. Availability of Information:- Smart phones are the devices which can provide almost any kind of information and services at any point of time. Information regarding maps and weather report or current news of the market and much more can be easily accessible through a smart phone. Always in-touch: These days most of the smart phones are being built specially to support social networking sites applications like facebook, twitter, and g-talk messenger. A person can stay in touch with all their people at all the time without any problem. Even it includes business man as these kinds of features are much required in their day-to-day working. (Chaffey, 2009) Information Sharing: With the use of smart phones more data can be sent and received with the help of email with big attachments can be shared instantly with the help of these smart phones. These features are being analyzed by businessmen as they need such applications in their phones for their daily work. Faster Communication:-Smart phones are the carrier of faster communication. They are built in to support web services which make communication the best. Phones like iphones and Blackberry have this facility where the web services is like a carrier and it is always in use which makes the phone different from other devices. Functionality: Many models offer built-in digital cameras with immediate snap and send functionality, so remote workers or offsite staff can instantly photograph and send images or videos of anything from suppliers goods to site inspections or damaged warehouse machinery. (  [5]  Source: www.is4profit.com) A REAL DEBATE ON SMART PHONES TO BE THE NEXT GENERATION DEVICE According to the various markets survey and current trends prove that the smart phones are presently the best possible digital device available in the market. Understanding the current scenario is quite clear that even presently smart phones are the best available digital device. But certainly some changes and development has to be made. Smart phones are the devices which are useful to different kinds of people irrespective of the profession or position. It makes work easy with faster means of communication in all purposes. According to the current marker share Overall, smart phone vendors shipped 54.7 million units in the first quarter, up 56.7 percent from a year ago. Smartphones accounted for 18.8 percent of all mobile phones in the first quarter, up from 14.4 percent in 2009. (Source www.zdnet.com  [6]  ) This proves by itself that there is a very high amount of competition between companies manufacturing smart phones as in the time to come smart phones would be the most important available device to use for an individual. Part B E-Commerce (Source: www.makemoneyideas.in)  [7]   As per (Fox, 2009) e-commerce simply means that an individual or a group of people are conducting their business with the help of electronic medium. This method of doing business is getting very much popular nowadays and that is because of the increasing importance of internet and also customer are getting net savvy or to be more precise, this is the new way of doing any business to get more appeal and customers are getting something new to experience. This is the way due to which, they can get more information regarding the products by sitting at their home, and also at the same time they might have their stores at the high streets but for something more to offer to the final consumers they might be doing their business online. The other example of E Commerce is eBay and Amazon. This is the organizations, which do their business completely online and they do not have their stores running on the high streets. (Fitzsimmons, 2007) Types of Ecommerce: Business-to-consumer: This is the type of business where they interact directly with the consumers. The best example is Dixons. Business-to-business: This is the type of business where they need to interact and trade with other businesses. For examples, Tesco by using information communication technology manage its all aspects of supply chain such as to supports patterns of repeat orders, delivery and payments between the company and its major suppliers. Consumer-to-consumer: This type of ecommerce occurs between individuals which involves forms of cash commerce normally for low cost goods or services. The classic example of C2C ecommerce is Ebay. Mobile commerce: Mobile commerce is the ability to conduct or operate the commerce using a mobile device such as smartphones personal digital assistant and other emerging mobile devices. Mobile commerce represents small fraction of total e-commerce transactions. Web 2.0 Technologies: (Source: www.xtreamtechnologies.com)  [8]   Web 2.0 is mainly linked with the application related to the web that would actually facilitate sharing of information, design that is user centre in nature and also include partnership with World Wide Web. It includes RSS feeds, social bookmarking, weblogs, folksonomies and wikis. Literature Review As per Fox (2009) it can be described as the new tools in the internet that actually creates the idea that all of the people would use the internet media and also at the same time would use the web should not just use it as and when it is required by them but instead they need to contribute actively that would actually help to customize technology and media to fulfill their needs and also for their society. It is said that new technology is being developed which is very useful for the existing and new business to flourish. It mostly promises to help and prove to be very much productive to those firm that are not focused on the profits but instead they help to improve the standard of living. Importance of e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies for online business: It is quite common that internet is the thing that drives business in its true sense. Also apart from this, there are many other things that would help the organization to stay competitive in the market and so there is more and more need for better use of the internet so that they are able to achieve their organizational goals and objectives within a short span of time and to make it fundamentally strong. Web 2.0 is the element that would add or is referred as the trend is the very much developing in todays business world. It mainly facilitates and increases their creativity, sharing of their information, and also at the same time, it is easy form tem for effectively communicating. If the business can use it successfully, it can prove to be very much productive for the organization. (Mc Leod, 2007) Role of e-commerce web 2.0 technologies: Case study of eBay The most important feature of ecommerce is its utility in whole global market scenario. Because of its online facility consumers or manufacturers need not face any major trade barriers. The other main part of the business is they can do the trading all round the clock and without any sort of disturbance to both the parties. The other thing that they need to do is, eBay has actually taken full advantage of the ecommerce and they had come about with the new products with detailed overview and presentation in the right format so that, so that more sales can be done in a short span of time. Apart from this, eBay was able to cater to any market in any geographical location due to better use of the internet as and when it is required by the business. There was also a low amount operational cost involved. There was also no special need for physical company that needs to set up by every customer. (Spencer, 2006) Customers were getting chance that they can select any given product at any given point of time. They were able to cater to local market specially. EBay started with the business that was easy to start with and also at the same time, was easy to manage. Role of e-commerce web 2.0 technologies: Case study of Amazon Amazon is also one of the biggest online business organization which focuses is selling the product online or with the help of ecommerce. Ecommerce is the only way by which they have been successful in the current market place and they have developed their business at a huge space after a dotcom bubble. Amazon also uses web 2.0 technologies to serve their customer in a much better way. As per (Nilson, 2010) it is the way by which, they have been able to attract number of consumers and also to market their products in a smarter way. With the help of web 2.0 technologies it was possible for them to use the video to show the demo of their product. This is very much useful when the customers are from different place and would like to see how the product looks like and how does it actually work. So this was possible only with the help of the web technology. Tagging is also one of the ways which Amazon is very much successful in using it due to which the customers are able to find the product in a quick manner and without writing any sort of major descriptions. It would also make it possible that a customer can actually compare between two different products. This would give them an additional service and also at the same time, clients can make use of the best alternative product. Amazon was successful after implementing the technology. (Fitzsimmons, 2007) CONCLUSION As it is the world of digital technology and e-commerce, digital signals help for the transmission of information as per needed and required. The rapid technological advancement, transfer, changes and specification has made the world a unit home. The latest development in terms of technology or development of smart phones will make it easier to do quality activities with high security, obligation, co-relation, justice. Radical changes have been noticed after the implementation of such technologies, as is the case in success of eBay and Amazon making it possible to instantly buy or sell online and boost the business. The possibility of better performance and business by organisations like eBay and Amazon due to development of web 2.0 technologies and e-commerce is sure to widen and achieve more competitive advantage in coming days. Similarly, as already proven by current trends smart phones will achieve wider sophisticated market in the world of business competition. Overall technological innovation like web 2.0 and smarts phones are sure to extend far beyond in the ever increasing world of tough completion. References: Christopher M. Spencer, (2006), The eBay entrepreneur, published by Kaplan Publishing, USA. Chaffey, D. (2009), E-business and E-commerce Management: Strategy, Implementation and Practice, (4th Edition) Harlow/FT Prentice Hall. Fitzsimmons, J.A Fitzsimmons, M.J. (2007), Service Management: Operations Strategy, Information Technology, (6th Edition) Singapore, McGraw Hill International Edition. Kevin Nilson, (2010), Web 2.0 Fundamentals for Developers, (1st Edition), Published by Jones and Barlett, Sudbury, UK. Laudon, K and Laudon, J (2007). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, (10th Edition) Pearson Education Mc Leod, R. (2007) Management Information Systems, (10th Edition), Prentice Hall Publishing. Scott C. Fox, (2009), E-riches 2.0 next generation marketing strategies for making millions online, Published by Amacom Books, New York. http://makemoneyideas.in/Ecommerce.php, [Assessed on 04 December 2010] http://xtreamtechnologies.com/Web_Development.html, [Assessed on 05 December 2010] http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211948,00.html [Assessed on 01 December 2010] http://www.hypersounds.es/index_en.html [Assessed on 01 December 2010] http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/smartphone [Assessed on 02 December 2010] http://www.is4profit.com/business-advice/it-telecoms/smartphones/the-benefits-of-smartphones.html [Assessed on 01 December 2010] http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/apple-iphone-smartphone-market-share-surges-rim-slips/34181 [Assessed on 3 December 2010] http://www.editorsweblog.org/multimedia/2010/02/smartphone_sales_soar_in_2009.php [Assessed on 3 December 2010]

moralant confant Conflicting Values in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Conflicting Values in Antigone In the play "Antigone" by Sophocles, Creon and Antigone have distinct and conflicting values. Creon's regard for the laws of the city causes him to abandon all other beliefs. He feels that all should obey the laws set forth by him, even if other beliefs, moral or religious, state otherwise. Antigone, on the other hand, holds the beliefs of the gods in high reverence. She feels that the laws of the gods should be obeyed above all others, especially when in respect to family. Creon has a very strong opinion about the laws of the city and the laws passed by him. His method of enforcing them is very strict. Creon orders that Polyneices will not be buried because of his dishonor towards Thebes. Furthermore, if anyone is caught burying him they will be killed for disobeying his order. Polonieces is Antigone's brother. He is being punished because he attacked Thebes and betrayed Creon and the people of Thebes. Creon's harsh punishment on those who disobey the law makes many fear him and dare not to go against him. One example is Ismene's regard for Creon's laws. She tries to talk her sister out of burying her brother because of what could happen to her if Creon found out that she went against him. Ismene says "We must obey them.....I yield to those who have authority"(5). Not only do the people of Thebes obey the laws of the city because of their fear but because it is a shame to dishonor the king. To go against the kings claim and dishonor the law is to die a more shameful death then Antigone's mother and father(59-60). Antigone does not want to let her brother be left without a proper burial. Her belief is to show respect and love towards her brother she must bury him. Her beliefs in "The sacred laws that Heaven holds in honor" are far more important than those set by the king(Antigone 78). She feels that the king cannot override her belief in the gods. Â  Antigone feels very strongly about burying her brother against Creon's orders. She refused to back down from her opinion even when confronted by the king and sentenced to death. Antigone reasoning is: "It was not Zeus who published this decree, Nor have the powers who rule among the dead Imposed such laws as this upon mankind; Nor could I think that a decree of yours- A man-could override the laws of Heaven Unwritten and unchanged"(450-455).

Pro/Con Paying College Athletets Essay

Even though paying college athletes may be fair in some people’s eyes, there are many negatives to this topic that could affect college sports for today’s athletes and the future of their sport. The NCAA and their colleagues all have different views and they vary from being supportive and backing up the idea, to being one hundred percent against it. No matter what type of fan it is and no matter what sport it is, there are positive and negative views on this argument and the variety of disagreement is astonishing. The most positive outlook on this is in most eyes would be that paying the athletes would be fair, and that they deserve at least some money. And even though that is without a doubt the most popular opinion, there are still many more. If the NCAA decides to pay the students, a good way to keep paying college athletes under control is by paying the student athletes for certain things, the key word is student. One plan is too pay the athlete as long as him or her maintains a certain grade point average. â€Å"If we want to reward college athletes and dramatically reduce the cheating that goes on in college sports, we should consider paying student athletes $1,000 per month during their four years of eligibility, providing they maintain a pre-determined grade point average† (Freeman, Marv). This plan would not only keep the student athletes in school, but it would make them do well and succeed in school. Even though some fans of pro sports may want to see a star player leave and go to the pros after one or maybe two years, education is still very important and so is graduating. This strategy would be a great motivator and would without a doubt grab the attention of the player’s parents. Another positive affect is that without a doubt the amount of money brought into colleges and universities would increase by large amounts because it would attract more student athletes to go to college. This plan could affect all levels of student athletes in a more than positive way; it could change the future of student athletes forever. The controversy on player’s safety is a very big issue in pro sports, but you don’t see nearly as much attention on it in college sports. There is no doubt that injuries occur more often in pro sports, but that doesn’t mean they don’t happen in college sports, and the NCAA really doesn’t protect their players very much at all. A solution to this is to have the players sign a contract for the college or university they attend. The contract would contain a variety of things, but the two most important things would be a certain amount of money and then a health care plan for the athlete. Lifetime of health insurance and benefits is very important to athletes, and remember not all student athletes go pro so they don’t have the luxury of pro sport health benefits. This plan would without a doubt make more players not only want to stay in college to receive these benefits, but it would also make student athletes want to attend a college and not have to worry about being disabled as an adult. Joe Branch, a great high school football player, told reporter Joe Nocera that he had turned down a scholarship to play football at Georgia Tech because, â€Å"I wouldn’t have had any shoulders left if I had played football in college.† This man turned down the opportunity of a lifetime because of the fact he knew he wouldn’t have health benefits for playing college football, so he had to give up his dream. This plan would be great for the NCAA and their athletes now and especially in the future. To every controversial topic there are positives, and there are negatives. In this case a huge problem is, where is all the money for the players going to come from? There truly is no answer for this, that’s why paying the athletes isn’t even close to becoming a done deal. According to Mike Higgins of USA today, only 20 NCAA division 1-football programs make a profit. And considering the fact that college football is the most popular NCAA sport, the number of other sport programs making a profit can’t be a very large number at all. Another question that can’t be answered is, do you pay all the athletes? There is no doubt that men’s basketball and football bring in the most money for their schools, athletically speaking, but you can’t only pay them. According to http://www.statisticbrain.com/ there are over 420,000 student athletes and combined in Division 1 and 2 there are 26 different types of athletic programs. The amount of student athletes and athletic programs makes it almost nearly impossible to have enough money to pay every single athlete male and female. This also puts small schools at a huge disadvantage. Schools like Notre Dame, Texas, Florida, Ohio State, and Alabama already have huge reputation advantages over small schools, but if the NCAA starts paying their athletes the bigger schools like the ones I mentioned will be able to offer so much more because schools like that already make more than enough money. Overall, this point in the argument really shows that if the NCAA starts paying their athletes it would truly take a  miracle to come up with that kind of money, and if they ever did come up with the money, it wouldn’t be fair to many schools across the country. One of the many reasons why the NCAA is considering paying their athletes is because they believe it will stop all the â€Å"under the table deals.† A solution like that will not stop corruption in the NCAA. That kind of solution is just the easy way out, and it won’t stop the people who offer the student athletes money, cars, jewelry, tattoos, etc. because those kind of people will stop at nothing. If the NCAA truly wants to put a stop to players accepting or being offered gifts they need to enforce more discipline. According to Todd Pheifer of Yahoo News, â€Å"Cam Newton was ultimately â€Å"exonerated† by the NCAA while at Auburn, there were stories of an $180,000 payment that was demanded by Newton’s father for Cam to attend Mississippi State.† A young and naà ¯ve student athlete would take that kind of offer without even hesitating because the amount of money the NCAA is offering to pay the student athletes, couldn’t even come close to that. Overall, the main point of this is that if the NCAA believes that paying their athletes a certain amount of money is going to stop the offers and the greediness, they are going to need to come up with a better plan then that. Even though paying college athletes may be fair in some people’s eyes, there are many negatives to this topic that could affect college sports for today’s athletes and the future of their sport. As we see here, there are many great controversial arguments on this topic. The cutting off of the athletes money if their grades slip, also the health care plan would not only help the reputation of the NCAA, but it would no doubt make the game safer and assure the student athletes a better future. On the other hand, we still have no idea where the money would come from and who would they give it to. In conclusion, I don’t believe the NCAA should pay their student athletes, even though it may seem like the fair and just thing to do, there are just too many negatives and downfalls to this argument and in the end would more than likely put many colleges and universities into debt.

Question: Discounted Cash Flow

Exam 2 Part 2 Answer any EIGHT of the ten questions. Each question is worth 5 points. Return your answers to me by 11:59 PM Sunday 11 November 2012 1. A number of publicly traded firms pay no dividends yet investors are willing to buy shares in these firms. How is this possible? Does this violate our basic principle of stock valuation? Explain. Our basic principle of stock valuation is that the value of a share of stock is simply equal to the present value of all of the expected dividends on the stock.According to the dividend growth model, an asset that has no expected cash flows has a value of zero, so if investors are willing to purchase shares of stock in firms that pay no dividends, they evidently expect that the firms will begin paying dividends at some point in the future. 2. Explain why some bond investors are subject to liquidity risk, default risk, and/or taxability risk. How does each of these risks affect the yield of a bond? Liquidity problems exist in thinly traded bond s making some bonds difficult to sell at their actual value. Default risk is the likelihood the corporation will default on its bond obligations.Taxability risk reflects the fact that some bonds are taxed disadvantageously compared to others. If any of these risks exist, investors will require compensation by demanding a high yield. 3. The discussion of asset pricing in the text suggests that an investor will be indifferent between two bonds which have equal yields to maturity as long as they have equivalent default risk. Can you think of any real-world factors which might make a given investor prefer one of these bonds over the other? 4. Why do corporations issue 100-year bonds, knowing that interest rate risk is highest for very long-term bonds?How does the interest rate risk affect the issuer? Treasury bonds make great safe, long-term investments, but is there any point in Why would the Fed consider issuing a bond with a 100-year maturation, are backed by the U. S. Government and typically have a very slim risk of default. 5. The market value of an investment project should be viewed as the sum of the standard NPV and the value of managerial options. Explain three different real or managerial options that management may have, what they are, and how they would influence market value. 6. Explain the use of real and nominal discount rates in discounting cash flows.Which is used more often and why? Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money. All future cash flows are estimated and discounted to give their present values (PVs) — the sum of all future cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is the net present value (NPV), which is taken as the value or price of the cash flows in question. Using DCF analysis to compute the NPV takes as input cash flows and a discount rate and gives as output a price; the opposite process — taking cash flows and a price and infe rring a discount rate, is called the yield.Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, and corporate financial management. 7. Consider two firms with the same P/E ratio. Explain how one could be described as expensive compared to the other. 8. Explain how important a firm's growth is by creating an example of a growth and no-growth stock. 9. Everything held constant, would you rather depreciate a project with straight-line depreciation or with MACRS? 10. A local bank is contemplating opening a new branch bank in a large superstore across town from their main office.It is estimated that the new branch will generate $20,000 after expenses each month. The manager wonders if all these revenues should be considered an incremental cash flow. Given this information, explain which of the following statements is correct. A. $20,000 is generated by the new branch bank and therefore it is an incremental cash flow. B. We would first need to asses s the opportunity cost of placing a branch in a different location to answer this question. C. Some amount less than the $20,000 is incremental because of substitutionary effects. D. Some amount less than the $20,000 is incremental because of complementary effects.

Mobilink Jazz Essay Example

Mobilink Jazz Essay Example Mobilink Jazz Essay Mobilink Jazz Essay The project in your hands follows a marketing plan in which Mobilink Jazz is discussed. The plan is simple yet with changes to Mobilink Jazz’s marketing plan. The document holds the market segmentation for this telecom service provider. Along with that it discusses the main four P’s of Maketing and future plans for each of them. Before all the above mentioned, however, we’ve discussed the telecommunication industry in detil and have carried out an analysis of the sector. In the ending we have the budgeting of the marketing end of Jazz. Hope you like the effort we’ve put into it. Happy Reading! TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Introduction5 Industry Analysis8 PEST, BCG, Porter’s 5 Forces, Positioning Map11 The 4 P’s16 Marketing Budgeting33 The New Package35 Introduction Mobilink GSM (PMCL), a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom is the market leader in providing state-of-the-art communications solutions in Pakistan. Orascom Telecom Holding S. A. E (OTH), the parent company based in Egypt was established in 1998, and has grown to become the largest and most diversified GSM network operator in the Middle East, Africa, and Pakistan. With over ten licenses covering the region, Orascom Telecom has positioned itself as a leading telecommunications conglomerate in emerging markets of this region. Orascom enter in the Pakistani market through the licensing where they have to pay the Royalty fee. Mobilink covers approximately 85 percent of Pakistans urban population and it can proudly boast of being the first cellular service provider in Pakistan to operate on a 100% digital GSM technology. It offers tariff plans that are exclusively designed to cater to the communication needs of a diverse group of people, taking into account occasional users to businessmen. To achieve this objective, Mobilink offers both postpaid (Indigo) and the prepaid (JAZZ) solutions to its customers. In addition to providing advanced voice communication services, Mobilink also offers a number of value added services to its valued subscribers. Keeping in mind its customers convenience, Mobilink has also bundled mobile handsets, sold either independently or bundled in Get Set Go Pack. Mobilink GSM started operations in the year 1994, as a third entrant in the market, while Paktel and Instaphone were already operating since 1991 and had acquired substantial market penetration. Despite the re-launch of Ufone, the main competitor, Mobilink has maintained its momentum of growth. All this has been possible due to inter-departmental synergy and strengthening of Mobilink’s brands. Till early 2001, they had a market share of 43%. OT took over management control of the company in April 2001 and changed the overall market dynamics through its aggressive marketing strategy and expertise. In less than two years time Mobilink grew by almost 400% with market leadership of 60% market share (year end 2003). At the time when it entered the market it was a small player in the cellular market of Pakistan it is now the market leader both in terms of growth as well as having the largest subscriber base in Pakistan. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS The Pakistani cellular industry comprises of 6 players: Mobilink, Ufone, Telenor, Warid Telecom, Zong (a brand of China Mobile Pakistan) and Instaphone, out of which, Instaphone has not maintained a prominent market position in the industry, and thus, has the lowest number of subscribers. As per the PTA findings as of June 2008, the number of subscribers for Mobilink is over 32 million customers (and has approximately 36. 39% of the market share). While Ufone and Telenor tie for second place with 21% market share, Warid Telecom has 17. 9% of the pie while Zong being the most recent has a share of 4. 4%. The price-sensitive industry faces tough competition from all players in the market, which is reflected by the marketing campaigns and by observing the past, thus making cellular services a highly elastic commodity. The market, however, is seen as very lucrative as there are only 6 operators who are providing services to just over half of Pakistan’s population – the tele density figures are a little below 60%. At the same time, companies are investing in infrastructure and technology in order to serve the untapped markets. The PTA acts as a governing body for all telecommunication-related providers in the country, and has set different regulations which operators are bound to follow, to the extent that operators are required to obtain an approval from the PTA before launching a new product or service, thus giving the authority powers to control the competitiveness of the industry. Technology is constantly changing in the telecom sector. Recently, two other players entered the market with BlackBerry support, in order to counter Mobilink’s domination. Moreover, as 3G licenses are expected to be awarded this year, it is expected that companies will invest in 3G and roll out services to users within one year. Moreover, as the telecom sector is witnessing rapid growth, represented by high revenues, companies are devising new tactics on attracting and targeting users and trying to increase the average revenue obtained per user. Firms compete on the basis of pricing, while quality of service is often overlooked. The telecom sector has faced a boom due to the continuous reduction in price, and the ability of network providers to continuously add customers to their user base. Due to this, companies gain momentum and size rapidly, and can are therefore able to provide more services. At the same time, these companies become cash-rich, and investment is an on-going process. Network coverage, subsidized SIM card rates, the ability to switch from one network to another while retaining the same number all have posed opportunities for different providers, but simultaneously, these are also challenges. The industry’s success is due to the large amounts of investment that takes place. The telecom sector takes a good chunk of the annual FDI, with investment running into millions of dollars. Evidently, these companies are making substantial amounts of profit, considering there is no bar on the amount of remittances companies are allowed to take to their home countries’. The amount of money telecom companies utilize for investment and expansion purposes is sizable, thus providing an opportunity for financial institutions to offer their credit. From July 1 2008, the government announced in the budget that the telecom services in Pakistan will have a sales tax of 21% in place of the 15% that was charged before. This is a significant development in the telecom sector’s story as the current telecom penetration rate is less than 60%, and this also poses a challenge to the growth rate as basic access to telecom services has been made more expensive for the consumers. It should be noted that there are other taxes such as the activation tax that is in place for each connection sold (amounting to Rs. 00 per connection or SIM card), which is already being sold at a subsidized rate by the operators. Moreover, the cellular companies and the main fixed-line operator in the country moved a petition to abolish the USF (Universal Service Fund) Access Promotion Charge in order to maximize their revenues. Currently, companies are already fulfilling the basic requirement of 1. 5% of total revenues, and consider the APC as detrimental to their revenues. Only recently has a proposal been sent to the Ministry of IT and Telecom to remove the APC. MARKET SHARE PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL: Considering the current politically instable condition in Pakistan, the telecom sector of Pakistan is not doing too badly. The sector was by far the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in 2007-08. As per PTA, the industry continues to add more than 3 million new mobile subscribers every month even under the current conditions. Although the frequently changing government does bring very frequent changes in the laws and regulations, this does not however stop the number of users from increasing. ECONOMIC: Around the globe there’s a recessive economy prevailing. There is an increase in the interest rates and the slump in the economy world over doesn’t seem to be coming to an end. Pakistan is no exception to this recession. Due to inflation, price of every product/service is sky rocketing. Apart from that the increase in federal excise duty on telecommunication services from 15 percent to 21 percent has adversely impacted the usage of mobile phone and has resulted in reduction in service usage by 8 percent to 9 percent within few weeks of the previous fiscal year. Unfair taxation would lead to burdening the new potential rural consumers who do not have access to mobile phone facility hampering the development of the rural economy. The growth in the telecommunication sector during last 4 years was recorded 100 percent due to its expanding consumer base(Daily Times, July 7, 2008). However, the burden of taxes and duties is going to reduce the usage by the consumers resulting in fewer revenues for the government and reduced operations by the companies. SOCIAL: Cellular revolution has taken Pakistan by storm. The mobile density in Pakistan is reaching 56% (Babar Bhatti, August 31, 2008). Mobile phones are increasingly being used as a social tool across the globe. Pakistani cellular companies are also trying to catch on with this growing ‘cellular activism’ frenzy. It’s true that cellular companies have limited scope of action as far as brining social change is concerned still almost all the mobile companies of Pakistan are doing some kind of social uplift projects. Telenor, for instance, has launched a farmers’ uplift scheme TeleKisan besides the apna PCO and other schemes. Similarly, other cellular companies are also conducting some activities in the avenues of social uplift. Corporate sector too has a major role to play. Instead of simply doling out a few millions in charity, local corporate giants, along with the multinational conglomerates, should come forward with new ideas of using cellular technology for poverty alleviation. TECHNOLOGICAL: Due to the current economic recession, the technology required to expand is difficult to gain. And therefore, Pakistan needs to increase telecom research and development work within the country. China and India are in the process of becoming world major Ramp;D centers for technology and telecommunication. Two top Chinese telecom equipment firms have announced their plans to collaborate with Pakistan: Huawei is working with UET Lahore and ZTE will setup Ramp;D center in Islamabad. The goal of the policy makers should be to increase the rate of transfer of technology from abroad, broaden the pool of local skilled workforce and accelerate the local production of telecom equipment and handset parts etc. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES 1. Threat of New Entrants is High. Since PTA has adopted liberal policies to create a foreign investment friendly environment the barriers to entry have significantly reduced. Deregulation has opened up a number of economic benefits in terms of huge foreign investment. Therefore threat of new entrants is considered high because it is easier for foreign giants to come and enter the market. 2. Power of Suppliers is Low. At first glance, it might look like telecom equipment suppliers have considerable bargaining power over telecom operators. Indeed, without the high fiber optic technology required, the companies can’t operate. But there are actually a number of large equipment makers around. There are enough vendors, arguably, to dilute bargaining power. Thus the power of suppliers is low. . Bargaining Power of Buyers  is High. With the increased choice of telecom products and services that are available to customers due to the numerous telecom service providers, the bargaining power of buyers is high. Also because the switching cost from one service provider to another is very low, the buyer can always switch. 4. Threat of Substitutes is Medium. Pro ducts and services from non-traditional telecom industries pose serious  substitution threats. PTCL’s scheme to make all national calls toll free attracted a lot of attention and was able to divert traffic from mobile usage to increased landline usage. . Competitive Rivalry is High. Competition is cut throat. The wave of industry deregulation paved the way for a rush of new entrants. New technology is prompting a wave of substitute services. All players in this competitive market are thus forced to offer new and exciting services at lower prices. This tends to drive industry profitability down. BCG MATRIX Mobilink Jazz has been through the cycle and now enjoys the position as a cash cow as compared to its competitors. It needs to bring down its rates to grow further in the market and back to its position as a star which it once ruled. POSITIONING MAP The above positioning map shows the relative positions of the major players of the telecom industry on a scale that measures price affordability on the x-axis and Value Added Services (VAS) attractiveness on the y-axis. It can be observed that Ufone is leading by a clear majority in the telecom sector with Telenor and Zong following price affordability. While Mobilink is better in VAS attractiveness compared to majority of its competitors, however it is considered comparatively more expensive. Warid lags behind in both price affordability in comparison to its competitors and VAS attractiveness. Product / Services Mobilink being the market leader enjoys major share of the overall market with both Indigo and Jazz dominating the postpaid and prepaid segments respectively Mobilink deals with postpaid Indigo and prepaid (Jazz) packages. JAZZ Addressing the press conference, Graham Burke, president Pakistan Mobilink Corporation Limited said that with the prepaid card a customer could control its cost with the freedom to use. This is when Jazz was first launched in Pakistan, and with the passage of time became very popular, especially among the young lot. Jazz, is based on an intelligent network which is the most advanced and expensive platform, presently available in cellular telephone technology. Scores of facilities available in the package will cater to the communication needs of thousands of people in the country who cannot afford a post paid mobile phone connection. Jazz is an amazing prepaid service that allows customer freedom from monthly bills and gives him/her complete control over his/her cellular expenditure. Customer decides in advance when and how much he/she wants to spend. Jazz is simple, easy and loads of fun. Jazz is extremely affordable, with features like: * No daily charges * Low outgoing rates * 180 days validity of Jazz Scratch Cards * Simply reactivate deactivated Jazz connection Jazz-Aur Sunao Jazz tariffs have been reduced from Rs. 4. 75 per minute to Rs. 3. 50 per minute on all calls from Jazz to any other Mobilink numbers. This tariff reduction will serve as an unparalleled advantage to the largest mobile community in Pakistan, who will now have to pay less to call within the Mobilink family, 24 hours a day. Jazz Member get Member The Jazz Member get Member promo is the first of its kind where Mobilink will be giving it’s customers an opportunity to become the brand’s ambassadors and at the same time earn some free airtime. The essence of the campaign is that an Existing Jazz customer can refer up to 4 new customers and earn Rs. 400 in airtime. The new Jazz customer will also get Rs. 100 free airtime. The list of the Jazz connections is described below: * Jazz Easy the most affordable package that provides access to the best rates to call across Pakistan. Jazz Easy customers can not only enjoy calling at amazingly low call rates from Mobilink numbers, but can call on other networks at comparatively lower rates. * Jazz Octane the hot new package from Mobilink Jazz is customized to meet the needs of the highly dynamic and energetic urban youth of Pakistan. The package entitles the customers to lowest SMS rates, lower late night rates, and the coolest rates for three favorite numbers. * Jazz budget Offers remarkable rates and package features, it is the best package to stay in touch with millions of Mobilink family members in Pakistan. Furthermore, a unique and innovative feature for Jazz Budget is Happy Hour, with exciting rates to all Mobilink numbers for 1 hour in the day. * For the first time ever, a package designed especially for ladies, Jazz Ladies First is the customer’s command on the very best. It provides sizzling recipes to tips on looking the best through SMS. Jazz Ladies First offers remarkably low calls rates amp; to top it all, gives discount card to shop well within your budget. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHTS: * Pioneer in GSM service in Pakistan * It is a sign of prestige Number of customers is more as compare to any other mobile service provider in Pakistan * Highest market share not only in terms of number of subscribers but also in terms of revenue * Mobilink has signed bilateral roaming agreements with 50 operators around the world to have true roaming service operational in over 42 countries of the world * Large number of corporate customers * Economy of scale * Strong Brand name WEAKNESSES: * Large organizational structure, makes it difficult to manage * VAS not that many or effective as compared to its competitors * Service quality not as good as claimed Many inactive customers, includes all those who own a Mobilink SIM but have now switched to another service provider * Highest call rates for a prepaid service, especially compared to the competitors OPPURTUNITIES: * Can lower prices to make business difficult for new companies * Mobilink can target to a market that delivers Internet Protocol packet services to over 650 million GSM subscribers THREATS: * New market players are coming in near future * High tax rates * Increase in imported equipment costs New companies can offer packages for corporate customers in better way * Wireless local loop service providers too targeting areas which are less developed * Current price war may reach at a position where only brand names survive * Due to expensive quality of service now-a-days customers can shift to other companies * Saturating telecom market PRODUCT LIFECYCLE Telecom industry has just started to touch the maturity stage of the product lifecycle; where as the brand, Mobilink jazz having to be the first mover in the market, has now reached maturity stage. The brand due to its high prices and lower VAS services may be progressing a decline because the economy is running in inflation and the purchasing power parity is also making it difficult for one to keep up with high prices when cheaper and better ones are offered in the market. RGI MATRIX PUBLIC NECESSITY| PRIVATE NECESSITY(TELECOM SERVICE)| PUBLIC LUXURY(MOBILINK JAZZ)| PRIVATE LUXURY| On the reference group index matrix, telecom service is a private necessity because it helps you keep in touch with your loved ones. It also helps you contact someone in case of emergency, or could be any reason why you may need to contact someone. However, Mobilink jazz is a public luxury since it’s a brand name in telecom sector. One could always use the les prestigious services to fulfill the need, but using Mobilink jazz is a status symbol. AIOD Framework Activities| Interests| Opinions| Demographics| SchoolingPlaying video gamesOutdoor games(cricket)Hanging out with friendsSchool events participationHolidays spent with familyWatching movies of multiple genre(action, romantic, comedy, horror and cartoons)| Story books (romantic for females; comics)dSchool sports and playsFashion onscienceLike fast food(burgers, pizzas etc)Watch TV cartoons and sitcomsCollecting video games| Soft drinks are cool and a must have with foodPolitics is boringEducation is tiring and boringThey are the new generation with new ideasCulture is holding them down, they’re more westernizedThey are right in what they say, mom and dad are ‘old school’ | No income apart from pocket moneyAged 11-18 yrsIslamabad’s habitatSt udentsMale and femaleSingle| Activities| Interests| Opinions| Demographics| UniversityHanging out with friendsAttending concerts/gigsSpending time with friends during school hrs and outsideGetting together with friends to go out of station to other cities especially up northWatching movies out in the cinemaKeeping up with sports especially cricketListening to loud music(heavy metal, rock, RnB, hip hop)| Opposite Gender attractionFemales develop interest in houseworkPart-time workersMain friends’ circle comes from reference group in the university/collegeDriving around to different hangout spotsCollecting music and listening to itStaying up late at nightFashion conscience and brand conscienceFast food (burgers; pizzas etc) along with formal cuisines from time to time Watching TV series, seasons of all the hit TV shows| They know how the world works nowadaysStaying at home is boring and constrictingPolitics in our country is messed up anyone comes up for the post wants to make money for themselvesOur social values are messed up and worsened by governmen t’s negligenceInflation is rising to increase disparityEducation standards are deteriorating, they haven’t changed much since our parents’ timeMust use branded products as it is a sign of pride and elitesCulture is too conventional and is a hurdle in economic and national prosperity| Majority-no incomeFew part-time jobs (income range 5,000-20,000)Aged 19-25Islamabad’s habitatStudents and professionalsMale and femaleSingle and married| Activities| Interests | Opinions | Demographics| Extensive talking with their friends and relativesBeing very choosy and selective in shoppingRarely having any interest in sportsAttending social events like weddings etc| Part-time or full-time job if working womenLooking after childrenLooking after householdSpending time with amilyFriends and relatives form the reference groupsWatching TV, especially cooking programsFashion dies down as they grow older | We have quite an experience in life so we are quite matureSome are high ly involved in politics, siding with one political figure, while others abstain from even discussing politicsEducation is getting expensive with the passage of timeCulture is a great asset to us and is an important part of our livesThis new generation poses a great that to our social values and cultureThey become brand loyal when it comes to purchasing products | Majority-no income (relying on husband’s income)Few part-time/full-time jobsAged 26 and aboveIslamabad habitatProfessionals and housewivesFemaleMarriedFamily size, 4 (on avg. )| Activities| Interests| Opinions| Demographics| Full-time jobs/working men 9-5Attend social gatherings like weddings, and other official gatheringsMostly smoke regularlySome even play sports, while others have lost interest by now due to aging factorThey listen to soft melodious musicThey spend much lesser time in shopping, but usually don’t shop alone | They want to give remaining time to their familyThey occasionally take family out for dinnerThey read news-paper regularlyThey follow their jobs religiously as it is the mostly the only source of income for the familyFashion is not much a part of their life and it dies down as they grow older| We have an experience of professional life as well as life as a wholeThere should be a balance between our perception of social and moral values and the new generation’sThey support one political figure enthusiastically while literally detest the opposing oneThey want their children to get good education, nonetheless, limited resources hinder itTend to go for branded products b ut it depends on their affordabilityInflation is a grave concern to them| Middle class income rangeFull-time jobs/professionalsAged 26 and aboveIsla mabad’s habitatMaleMarriedFamily size, 4(on avg. )| PRICING Major stakeholders affect pricing decisions are: * Consumers * Government * Distributors * Competitors Sometimes an organization wills assure a forward integration strategy primarily to gain better control over price charged to consumers. Government can impose restriction on price fixing, price advertising and price controls an organization must be careful in adopting its pricing strategy. MOBILINK now a days going on decreasing its pricing strategies (e. g. call rates rs3. 50/min and sms Rs 1) to compete with its competitors i. e. UFONE, PAKTEL GSM, and recent competitors TELENOR amp; WARID). Strategist of MOBILINK is viewing prices from both a shorts –run and long run perspective, because competitor can copy rice changes with relative ease. JAZZ AIRTIME CHARGES: Mobilink strikes back with lowest outgoing rates for on and off-network calls, at 68 Paisas per 30 seconds for all calls. This offer is for sure not going to please Telenor who is running 75 paisa offer these days. 8 Paisa per 30 second offer by Mobilink is available for Jazz Budget users only. (for package conversion dial 123) MOBILINK,since the time of its very entry in the cellular industry,has targeted the less price sensitive strata of the societ y. Mobilink has always maintained its up scale market positioning, backed by its slightly higher service rates. Mobilink intends competing on features and quality of service instead of competing on price. However after witnessing the recent industry trends,where there is an intense price war going on between the cellular industry players,Mobilink had to slighlty deviate from its earlier stratergy in order to maintain its market share. As a result,today,Mobilink is lowering its call rates,offering economical packages (e. g. call rates rs3. 50/min and sms Rs 1. Its latest offering of â€Å"Jazz Budget† is an evidence of this strategic shift in the pricing policy). Future Pricing Plan Later in the report we will introduce a package which will cash on Mobilink’s strength to attract lost consumers and get them to use the brand with prestige and pride once again. PLACEMENT â€Å"Distribution channels, distribution coverage Sales territories, levels and locations† Distribution becomes especially important when a firm is striving to implement a market development or forward integration strategy. MOBILINK is operating through franchises in Pakistan.MMS Outgoing per 50 KB (Rs. )| 6| MMS Receiving (Rs. )| Free| | | GPRS Rate per MB (Rs. )| REFERENCES http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jazz

The function and role of the witches in Macbeth Essays

The function and role of the witches in Macbeth Essays The function and role of the witches in Macbeth Paper The function and role of the witches in Macbeth Paper Essay Topic: Macbeth In the play of Macbeth the witches are regarded as immoral and unnatural in their behaviour. They play a huge part in Macbeths planning of becoming king. At the beginning of the play they are planning to meet Macbeth, When shall we three meet again, In thunder lightning, or in rain. Disturbances in nature are represented by line of thunder and lightning, it is supposed to give the effect of evil this idea of evil continues throughout the play. Banquo believes that the witches are people who are not inhabitants of the world and although they are women it is hard to tell because of their manly beards. The witches prophecise that Macbeth will become the King of Scotland and know that he is the Thane of Cawdor before he does. At first Macbeth dismisses the idea of being king but then rethinks it. On behalf of both himself and Macbeth Banquo says, Or have we eaten on the insane root, That tskes the reason prisoner? . Insane root was though to cause madness and Banquos very first reaction is that they have both gone mad. Macbeth also describes them as having the power to melt from a solid state when they vanish from his sight; he is obviously amazed by this. Afterwards Macbeth receives a message from Ross and Angus telling him he is to become the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth together with Banquo realise that two out of three prophecies the witches make are true, but Macbeth decides it is a coincidence. However, when Macbeth is aside he rethinks about the prophecies made by the witches and wanders if what they said is for good or bad because he thinks that if they have told him good prophecies then they cannot be evil: this is because it was commonly thought that truth cannot be told by the evil. However, he cannot understand why there is a bad feeling in his heart about it and so he is very confused by this. He tries to decline this idea and decides that he will soon become king, we see this when he says, If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, Without my stir. This shows that he decides to leave it just to chance. Macbeth builds up an argument in his head to help him decide what to do using imagery, as he has strong opinions of right and wrong. He uses the imagery of light and dark for good and evil. This means that he asks for light not to see his dark and deep desires. He wants murder, what the eye fears to happen but does not want the stars, God, to see what he is planning to do. This shows that Macbeth is willing to commit any evil in order to become king, what he wants so badly. At this point the witches have been a catalyst for the evil in Macbeth because this is partly due to the prophecies as they did not say anything about killing the king but only make Macbeth stir up the thoughts in his head. When the witches talk, they talk as if they have one mind. Often they talk in riddles, shown in the quotation, Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Not so happy, yet much happier. It gives an indication of their uniqueness because the two parts of each of the sentences contradict one another, which is unusual. When one or all of the witches have a speech of more than three lines they speak with couplets sometimes every alternate line, Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air. This quotation is located in the first scene of the play. It has no initial definite meaning as it can be interpreted in a number of ways. This witches chorus can be said to be a prophecy where ideas and especially characters are not what they appear to be and describes how things on the play will change. It also signifies the witches reversal of values and their view of good and evil. The witches give no direct indication of whether their intent is good or bad. But it is clear that their intentions are there to disrupt the balance of good and evil. There is no motive to their behaviour except in the case of revenge concerning the sailor and his wife. The only possible motive is that causing trouble is what they are meant to do because they are witches. The evil which they manage to unearth from Macbeth spreads resulting in murder, betrayal and above all the loss of humanity of two people who were once loyal to king and queen. The witches have many functional roles in the pattern of the play. They manage to convert the soul of a good but potentially flawed man and it demonstrates their power. They do this not with force but with the playing of the mind by offering it something, which is highly beneficial yet attainable, the kingship. The witches may also be moral devices who are a test for the main character of the play to see how loyal he is. Because Macbeth does not realise their intent he is not blinded by the fact that they are wicked so the decision of killing Duncan is entirely his own choice. The witches act only as catalysts to the evil already present in him which had not yet emerged and which might not have if it wasnt for their interference. Maybe Shakespeares purpose for the witches was to represent that no matter how good someone seems to be there will also be a little evil in each one of us. No matter how much influence the witches had on Macbeths notions of becoming king it was enough to cause anarchy in Scotland and the deaths of innocent people. When Banquos ghost returns to haunt Macbeth at the banquet, we are able to see the effect the prophecies have had on him. He has a fit of madness and is outraged because he wonders why Banquos ghost has appeared to haunt him. He tells himself that before, when a person had been killed, they would die and that would be the end of it but now it is no longer the case, The times had been, That when the brains were out, the man would die, And there an end; In Macbeths fit, he nearly manages to reveal the truth about Banquos death but Lady Macbeth strains to hold the situation together and stops him from saying anything even though she doesnt know about Banquo. She questions his manhood, which is a similar argument to the one, which she used to persuade him to kill Duncan, Are you a man? but this time it does not succeed. Macbeth becomes so insecure that he has a spy in Macduffs house because he believes that he is an enemy. Macbeth decides with no pressure from Lady Macbeth to visit the witches. He wants to know what is going to happen in the future, as he is uncertain. He realizes that they are the worst means to discover what the future holds in store for him yet he is determined. He is almost endeavouring to commit evil. His visit to the witches demonstrates his obsession in that he believes he has enemies everywhere and has evidently placed himself under more suspicion at the banquet. He has reached a point where he is willing to do anything to satisfy himself. The deaths of Duncan and Banquo have left him in a highly dangerous, unstable physical and mental state. Nevertheless, Macbeth in his own mind believes he has everything under control. The scene in which Macbeth goes to the witches of his own accord is an important one because it sets the mood for his approach to the rest of the play. It opens with the witches cooking animal body parts in a couldron. This type of behavior is stereotypical of witches and represents how abnormal they are, Eye of newt, and toe of frog, Wool of bat, and tongue of dog, Adders fork, and blind-worms sting, When Macbeth approaches, they indicate his approach, By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. Unlike on the moor after the battle, Macbeth finds the witches instead of them coming to him. We are able to see how obsessed he his to know his future when he lists destructive events that he wants to happen and that he does not care about them if they do because he just wants to know what will happen to him, Even till destruction sicken- answer me, To what I ask you. The witches agree to answer all his questions and call upon apparitions. The first apparition is an armed head. It says, beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife, and confirms what Macbeth thinks because he already fears him. The second apparition is a bloody child. The image represents the Caesarian birth of Macduff because Caesarian is not considered to be, woman born. He is told that he cannot be hurt by anyone born from a woman so he believes he is secure. With this in mind he decides to make sure Macduff does not irritate him any more by planning to kill him and his family. The third apparition is a crowned child, with a tree in his hand. The child crowned is the child of Duncan, Malcolm explains things that are yet to come but Macbeth does not realise this. The apparition tells Macbeth that he will only die if Great Birnam Wood moves to Dunsinane Hill. The tree in the babys hand symbolises this. Macbeth is clearly pleased with the prophecies as they bode well for him. Still wanting to discover more he asks about Banquo and his descendants. The witches refuse to say anymore but he persists and says, I will be satisfied: deny me this, And an eternal curse fall on you! They finally agree to show him even though it may grieve him. A show of eight kings, the last with a glass in his hand with Banquo following appear. The kings resemble Banquo in spirit and appearance. The images of the kings being Banquos descendants are confirmed when he smiles and points to them. Macbeth is amazed by the sudden turn of events and questions the witches about its reliability. They say that the apparitions tell the truth and then they begin to dance in an attempt to cheer him up. They realise the trouble which they have caused by the display of the apparitions. By resisting Macbeths wishes for the telling of the future up to a certain point, Macbeth becomes even more desperate and compulsive. When they dance at the end it can be said that it is not for Macbeths sake but for their own as they are happy with the vast mischief that they have caused. Because of their attempt to tip the balance between good and evil through the medium Macbeth, he seals his fate when he kills Macduffs wife and son. By killing his family, Macduff looks for revenge of Macbeth. This scene demonstrates how low Macbeth has sunk to by ordering the death of an innocent child and mother. The witches role in the previous scene has ultimately forced him into committing this wicked crime. Macbeths behaviour aroused suspicion especially in Macduff causing him to go to Malcolm for help in the form of troops. Malcolm initially is suspicious of Macduff as he could be a spy but learns to trust him when he sees how troubled Macduff is when he pretends that he will be a greater dictator than Macbeth as he has more vices. When Macduff discovers his family and servants had been slain he swears an oath to take full revenge and he is now motivated to killing Macbeth. In Act 1 Scene 5 Lady Macbeth calls on the powers of darkness in order to, unsex her but now she continually has light by her side as she is frightened by her guilty conscience. By killing Duncan, she is now morally sane not morally bad. Earlier, she would sacrifice anything for the kingship but now she realises whilst sleeping that the murder was not worth all the effort. The fact that it is happening in her sleep is an important theme throughout the play. This is because sleep was taken from the sailor and Macbeth had murdered sleep because he had upset the balance of nature. When Lady Macbeth says, Yet who would have thought the old man to have Had so much blood in him. Macbeth said when he killed Duncan that all the blood will not even be washed by the sea yet Lady Macbeth said that only a little water was needed but now she says that all the perfumes of Arabia will not rid the smell from her hands, All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. We see that she is morally sane but is mentally insane. Macbeth does not realise what the witches have done to him. Although there is an English army of ten thousand soldiers approaching he comfor ts himself by thinking of the prophecies. He knows he can never be defeated until the forest moves and he believes that he is secure. He tells himself that he is not frightened but when his servant enters the room he shouts and curses him suggesting insecurity. He perceives the fact that he is decaying in his mind and his heart, where he says, I have livd long enough: my way of life Is falln into the sere, the yellow leaf; At this point he is in despair unlike before where he was defiant. He calls upon Seyton his servant which is a clear hint for Satan. He asks the doctor how is wife is but is actually referring to himself as he is sick himself. When Macbeth hears of his wifes death he cannot react. He feels life has no meaning and that it carries on. He says that it signifies nothing and if he lives it will be a long time until he dies. Macbeth is now feeling sorry for himself. He hears from a messenger that Birnam Wood is moving. He tells the messenger if he is lying he will be hung from a tree but if he is telling the truth then he can do the same to him. Macbeth gives a last attempt at bravery by saying that he will die fighting. Even until the end Macbeth is selfish in his ways, as he does not want to pay for his crimes. Although Macbeth knows he is nearing the end he still demonstrates that he is courageous and a fighting force by killing Young Siwar. He is testing the witches prophecy about not being killed by a man born of woman. Macduff enters entirely motivated by revenge. He will only use his sword against Macbeth. Macbeth does not want to kill Macduff as he has already killed part of his family. When he learns that Macduff was born differently through Caesarian not directly out of the womb he no longer desires to fight but due to his pride he is going to die trying. When Macduff exits with Macbeths head he says that everything is back in order. Malcolm knows that nothing will be the same since Macbeth. The witches although bad in nature help the greater good to succeed. Much of the play deals with the struggle between light and darkness. Macbeth begins as a good character but because of their involvement he begins to symbolize darkness. The light in the first two acts is King Duncan, but when he died the struggle went in favour of darkness. Macbeth seems to have control throughout most of the play until his conscience came back to haunt him. Macduff is the hero of the play but not a character who stands out as a hero. He symbolises the light, which will defeat darkness that is Macbeth.

Free sample - Sex Orientation. translation missing

Sex Orientation. Sex OrientationInclusion of sexual orientation as a protected class in anti-discrimination laws Sex Orientation is a major subject that our community needs to be addressed today. On a close examination we can identify this can be the core area from where the problem starts. Lack of adequate sex orientation can be lead to crimes and such other social problems from the early child hood onwards. Need of this Assignment:   This essay argues that the community we are writing about (college) must adopt this proposal because it will accomplish three distinct outcomes related to a community issue. Significance of this Assignment:   This thesis argues its side clearly and lays out the structure of the paper. It talks about how to plan to fund the proposal, implement the proposal, and overcome opposition to the proposal. Social problems and lack of sex orientation: This refers to crimes and such other social problems in which only one individual is involved in committing an act and its cause is located within the individual delinquent. Healy and Bronner (1936) compared delinquent youths with their non-delinquent siblings and analyzed the difference between them. Their most important finding was that over 90.0% of the delinquents compared to 13.0% of their non-delinquent siblings had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances. Moreover the major reason to all these is lack of sex orientation and ignorance. Delinquent boys could not internalize moral values because of the absence of good role models in their fathers. GROUP-SUPPORTED CRIMES AND SUCH OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS The crimes and such other social problems are committed in companionship with others and the cause is located not in the personality of the individual or in the delinquent's family but in the culture of the individual's home and neighborhood. Southerland developed the theory of differential association. ORGANISED CRIMES AND SUCH OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS Crimes and such other social problems committed by developing formally organized groups. The concept of /delinquent sub-culture' was developed. The set of values and norms that guide the behavior of group members, encourage the commission of delinquencies, award status on the basis of such acts and specify typical relationships to person who fall outside the groupings governed by group norms. SITUATIONAL CRIMES AND SUCH OTHER SOCIAL PROBLEMS Crimes and such other social problems are viewed as having deep roots. In individual crimes and such other social problems, the roots are primarily within the individual; in group-supported and organized delinquencies the roots lie in the structure of the society with emphasis either on the ecological areas where social problems prevails or on the systematic way in which social structure places some individuals in a poor position to compete for success. The situational crimes and such other social problems are not deeply rooted. A young man indulge in a delinquent act without having a deep commitment to crimes and such other social problems because of less developed impulse control and/or because of lesser reinforcement of family restraints and because he has relatively little to lose even if caught. The maximum age for this according to the Juvenile Justice of 2006 is 16 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Youths who are involving truancy, vagrancy, immorality and ungovernability also fall within the definite crimes and such other social problems. According to Walter Reckless this applies to the "violation of criminal code and/or pursuit of certain pattern behavior disapproved of for children and young adolescents." Eaton and Polk (1969) have classified this into five groups according to the type of offence. (1) Various types of violations including disorderly and minor traffic violations. (2) Other types of traffic violations (3) Violation of Properties (4) Addiction to alcoholism and drug. (5) Bodily harm (including homicide and rape). Apart from this there can be the serious threat AIDS originated from lack of sex orientation. (Downes, D. (2001), ‘The macho penal economy: mass incarceration in the US – a European perspective’)    AIDS The most vulnerable group that drew the attention of the participants was the number of HIV positive children estimated to be a million. That's why Mann reiterated that "HI V is not about a virus but primarily about people, individuals and society." There would be a viral holocaust in the world if there is no change in the sexual behavior patterns. By now homosexual relations and blood trans ­fusion were considered as the causes of AIDS infection. Still none can deny that efforts are being made seriously throughout the world by AIDS activists. It is with their efforts that statistics are collected in different affected countries and 155 of them report to WHO on AIDS Not surprisingly the scope of studies has been enlarging taking into its fold not only homosexuals but besides children and prostitutes, hemophiliacs, lesbians (women homosexuals) and drug-users too. CAUSES We can divide the factors into two groups: individual factors and situational factors. FAMILY FROM WHERE THEY SHOULD GET ORIENTATION Many theorists consider family as the most significant factor in the development of juvenile crimes and such other social problems. Class status, power group relations and class mobility, are also related to the family environment.-Early childhood experiences, emotional deprivations and child rearing processes influences the formation of the personality and the development of attitudes, values, and life style. The abnormal expression of behavior in an anti-social form is the result of these. The factors in the social system and the functioning of the institutions such as broken home, family tension, parental rejection, parental control, and family economics, sex abuse affect crimes and such other social problems. The broken family (where one parent is absent because of parental separation, divorce or death) fails to provide affection and control to the child. Family tension results from hostility and the hatred. The younger does not feel secure and content in the tension filled family environment. Long-term tension reduces family cohesiveness and affects the parent’s ability to provide a conducive atmosphere to satisfactory child-rearing and family problem-solving. Family economics is also an important contributing variable. The economic conditions of the family can be one, of many contributing factors in a multi-problem family. LACK OF SEX ORIENTATION Movies and comic books featuring immorality, smoking, drinking and brutality leave a strong impression on the young minds of the children and the adolescents. They teach the techniques of crimes and such other social problems. Movies also develop attitudes conducive to crimes and such other social problems. Movies also develop attitudes conducive to delinquent behavior by arousing desires for easy money, suggesting questionable methods for their achievement, inducing a spirit of toughness and adventurousness, arousing sexual desires, and by invoking day-dreaming. All sociologists have emphasized on the environmental of the social structure and on the learning process as important in crimes and such other social problems. FUNDS As it can be a serious threat to the society, it should be dealt with utmost concern. So the fund for the corrective measures should be allocated from the budget provision of the state medical allotment. METHODS OF TREATMENT Some important methods in treating the delinquent are providing orientation through: (1) Psychotherapy. (2) Reality therapy. (3) Behavior therapy. (4) Activity therapy, and (5) Milieu therapy. Restrictions and reprimands can be effective supplements to the major treatment approach utilized but punishment cannot become an end in itself. The two basic approaches are the individual and the group method of treatment. Sociologists usually deal with the conditions of the social structure that breed crimes and such other social problems, while psychologists treat the individual. Psychotherapy treats emotional and personality problems by changing the attitudes and feelings about significant persons (say, parents) in the clients (delinquent's) past. Through psychotherapy the delinquent is allowed by the therapist in operate in an atmosphere of love and acceptance where the person does not have to fear severe rejection of physical punishment. Reality therapy is based on the view that people unable to fulfill their basic needs, act in an irresponsible manner. The object is to help the delinquent person to act in a responsible manner, that is, refrain from anti-social activity. The basis of the reality therapy is that the past is insignificant. In this therapy, since a child is treated as a responsible person and not as an unfortunate youngster, it transmits strength to the youngster. Behavior therapy is modifying the learned behavior of the delinquent through the development of new learning processes. Reinforcements are the powerful weapon to change behavior. Money praise attention, food, privileges, admission in school, praise, attention, food, privileges, freedom to play with children and good clothes, can be considered as positive reinforces, while threats, confinements, ridicule, physical punishment and depriving of money are negative reinforces. In active therapy method a group of 6-8 children are gathered or invited to meet at a specific time/place to engage in play or some artistic endeavor. A moderately neurotic child finds great release in a permissive environment where he can express his hostility and aggression in creative work, play or mischief, because their behavior does not call for retaliation, punishment, or disapproval, pent-up emotion to find appropriate discharge. Environmental therapy provides a meaningful change and thereby adjusting satisfactorily. These are, (1) Individual counseling. (2) Social case-work, and (3) Vocational counseling are also used. PREVENTIVE AND REHABILITATIVE MEASURES Both private and public agencies have to be involved in crimes and such other social problems prevention because of complexities of the urban society. The three approaches to crimes and such other social problems prevention are: (1) Organizing activities that contribute to healthy personality development and adjustment of youth. (2) Controlling environment of young people contributing to crimes and such other social problems, and (3) Organizing specific preventive services for children. The first approach links the crimes and such other social problems prevention with: (i) General improvements in the institutional structure of the society, for example, family, neighborhood, school (ii) Raising the income levels of poverty-stricken families, (iii) providing job opportunities to young people, (iv) Establishing schools, (v) Improving job conditions, (vi) Providing recreational facilities in neighborhood, (vii) Improving marital relations through family counseling services and family soc ial work, (viii) Imparting moral and social education, among other measures. Preventive activities of the second type include community organization and the efforts of welfare and child care agencies. Preventive activities of the third type include probation and parole services. Family is the significant organization for sex orientation and there for it demand great attention. Unless these disorganized families are reorganized, unless an environment therapy is provided, frustrated and emotionally disturbed young people cannot be prevented from developing a relationship with delinquents. Juvenile units in police department in cities have undertaken recreation units for children. This will go a long way in removing hostility and mutual suspicion between the police and youngsters. Initiating community programs for educating the youngsters regarding the detrimental effects of using drugs and becoming involved in devious social behavior is yet another measure in the prevention of juvenile crimes and such other social problems. Homes for these children to give them a chance to reflect on their own situations with the assistance and guidance of staff members need to be run-away and their parents and guardians so that serious problems can be resolved. The developmen t of a sound public policy regarding all aspects of crimes and such other social problems prevention and control requires both planning and evaluation by rigorous research methods. For that we need co-ordination among various agencies including judiciary, universities, social workers, police etc.. CONCLUSION Sex Orientation is a major subject that our community needs to be addressed today. On a close examination we can identify this can be the core area from where the problem starts. Lack of adequate sex orientation can be lead to crimes and such other social problems from the early child hood onwards. We can eradicate this issue if we take adequate steps to address the problems from the early period itself.

Coral Reefs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coral Reefs - Research Paper Example of this student that the reader will come away from this paper with a more informed understanding of how the coral reefs are an integral part of the ecosystem and the means by which action must be encouraged in order to save them from any further destruction. Although it is true that these reefs are beautiful, they allow for tens of thousands of different forms of sea life to reside within these reefs; in a way that they could not within the deeper oceans and other unprotected regions of the sea. This protection from indigenous species allows for species that would otherwise have little to no protection from predators to thrive within such an environment. Moreover, the habitat that the coral reefs provide creates a somewhat sustainable ecosystem which humans can then leverage in the form of planned and ethical fishing. An analysis of existing coral reefs denote that approximately 30-40 million people are year are fed from the sea life that is harvested within these zones. Naturally, even though this only makes up a small portion of the earth’s population, it forms an essential part of defining the way in which the food chain operates in the means by which tens of millions of people gain sustenance each and every year. Another element of great importance with regards to the coral reefs has to do with the ability of the coral reef to turn carbon dioxide into limestone. Ultimately, as the ongoing fear over global climate change has evidenced, the increasing levels of CO2 have created a situation in which CO2 is being evidenced to a further and further degree within the environment (Villanueva 887). As the earth does not have the ability to remedy this increase at the same pace that human industrial activities and burning of fossil fuel creates it, the need for protecting the earth’s natural ability to transform CO2 into other substances is essential. Even though it might not be possible to reverse the rate of global warming/climate change, seeking to

Waste water treatment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Waste water treatment - Research Paper Example These techniques, however, are used to treat water. Water contains various colloidal solids such as plankton, decayed plant material, bacteria, clay particles, as well as organic matter. These two processes help to remove these impurities. Coagulation neutralizes the particles and reduces the repelling force. Flocculation agglomerates destabilized atoms to form large particles(Parson and Jefferson, 2006). In the chemical and level theory, flocculation and coagulation involves a three step process that consists of flocculation, flash mixing and coagulation(Akers 1972). For coagulation to take place, flash mixing has to occur. During flash mixing, coagulant chemicals are added to water. This mixture is then mixed violently and quickly distributing the chemicals inside the water. The coagulation-flocculation process destabilizes colloids, removes anions and metals, and removes pathogens as well as inorganic matter. After destabilization, flocs are formed in which particles aggregate come by due to thermal movement of fluid molecules or induction of suspension mix and velocity gradients to be used in sedimentation. Filtration treatments as essential pretreatments are supplemented by coagulation-flocculation processes. These processes accumulate suspended solids and particles into larger bodies to allow easy removal through filtration processes. The removal of particulate matter by these methods tends to supplement the effectiveness of the filtering process. Gravity separation of these suspended solids may also require filtration. In the event of facilitating bonding among various particulates, chemical coagulants such as polymers or iron salts are added to source water(Bratby 2006). The efficiency of this process depends on a number of variables and, therefore, any changes involved may affect other process. Changes may be in form of coagulant feed concentration, final PH, coagulant dosage, type of coagulant used,

Management in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management in context - Essay Example The Impact of E-Business on Pizza Hut The significant impact of the fast pace in technological development is seen in the way contemporary organizations operate and manage their business. Some business enterprises need to redesign their policies, systems and procedures to adapt to the demands of the times. The onset of the internet paved the way for changes in strategies in the marketing mix of companies in order to sustain the future requirements of the organization given their resources and competitive advantages. The proliferation of e-business, for example, required organizations to adjust and accommodate policies on information management systems consistent with organizational mission, goals, and plans. One of the organizations that actively accommodated e-business solutions and strategies in their management system is Pizza Hut. It is in this regard that the research is undertaken to analyze the key implications of e-business on some aspects or function of Pizza Hut and evaluat e how this has impacted on the way it is managed. ... being addressed within Pizza Hut and how this impacts on the way it is managed; and (4) a presentation of conclusions and recommendations, as deemed appropriate. E-Business at Pizza Hut Net essence defines e-business as â€Å"using the internet to connect with customers, partners, and suppliers. But the term also implies the transformation of existing business processes to make them more efficient† (Net essence, n.d., par. 1). For Pizza Hut, e-business through online ordering has significantly increased their volume of sales in various strategic locations worldwide. In the UK, for example, the official website of Pizza Hut revealed that â€Å"since we launched www.pizzahut.co.uk in March 2007, our online sales have increased at an average rate of 25% per month - and this month we celebrated our millionth order placed through the website!† (Pizza Hut UK, 2008, par. 1). In Australia, the online ordering option was implemented in 2001 and has been found to be successful es pecially in the 18 to 24 years old age ranges who are frequent users of the internet (IBM, n.d.). Aside from online ordering options provided by e-business, Pizza Hut, through Aladdin’s eToken, â€Å"a fully portable USB authentication device, provides remote Pizza Hut UK users with a simple, yet strong method of protecting their digital identity. Replacing the organization's previous RSA SecureID solution, eToken heightens security while also streamlining the authentication process for users when remotely accessing networked data† (Fox, n.d., 1). This system uses a USB devise to authorized business managers from remote locations to access crucial information using a personal identification number. The e-business applications and solutions for Pizza Hut provide them with opportunities for sales generation

Method and Meditations on First Philosophy Essay

Method and Meditations on First Philosophy - Essay Example This essay essay that God is not a receiver; human beings can attain the truth and thus the connection to nature. The idea of nature can be explored in two ways, firstly, there exists no doubt that every aspect that nature teaches people has some truth in it, and thus it is naturally general that God is the greatest as he is the creator of things. This implies that if human beings are careful, they can learn a lot of things from nature as nature were created by God. God plays in the attainment of positive knowledge, a reader can realize that, even though, the objectives of the Cartesian project remains to be credible, the existence of several ethical discrepancies and probable speculations destabilized its legitimacy beyond repair. This paper makes a conclusion that the presence of God and further significant role of God in the lives of human beings has remained an extensive and diverse topic all through the history of philosophy. Descartes’ epistemological influence to Western philosophy is the start of his attempt to create a coherent method of analysis on the knowledge concerning the world that can be acquired from the information in the Church or the Bible. Nevertheless, Descartes’ development was not to take away God from the lives of human beings. God’s Existence is consequential instantaneously from the pure and discrete idea of a totally perfect and great being. Oddly, the simplicity of this discussion has also created several misreading’s, aggravated in part by Descartes' catastrophe to articulate a sole version of this argument

X-ray Documented Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

X-ray Documented - Essay Example This means that materials science and engineering operates in a world characterized by high technological advances because technological advancements created from advanced materials. The significance of materials science and engineering started a long time ago. It has existed for many years. Nowadays, people only look at the names of eras and realize that materials have been helpful in the creation of civilization. These eras include the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. In fact, people have branded the current era as the material era because of the contribution that material engineering has provided. X-rays use materials that are provided by the technology in material science and engineering. The history of the development of science and technology has always been directly linked to the progress of materials science and engineering. In recent times, the expansion of concentration in the surface qualities of solids has become a feature of this field of knowledge. Neverthele ss, it is not surprising that interactions with material are realized through the free surface of the materials. Surface layers can unfalteringly control the application of the whole quantity of material. The free surface is essential for a large amount of material and mechanical features of materials that include yield strength, proportionality limit and material behavior in processes of fragile and low energy fracture (Sham 1012). The concept of X-rays was first discovered by a physicist from Germany called Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. However, A.W. Goodspeed was the first person to make the X-ray discovery, on February 22, 1890. Because there was no information that could prove that he had discovered X-ray, Goodspeed named his discovery an accident and did not take any credit for the work he had done (Dyson 1). In the discovery, Wilhelm enclosed a glass tube inside of a black paper box. He attached a wiring that ran inside the glass tube that resembled the inside of a light bulb. Th is enabled the electrical currents to build up in the glass tube. He then connected the tube to an induction coil apparatus that allowed an electric current to pass through the tube. This way, a faint green colored light could be seen across the room. He decided to do this in a different way to be sure of what he had seen. He lit a match stick and discovered that there was a small screen in the room which was coated with a chemical. The lighting from the match stick sent the current along the tube. This made the exact same light to appear again. As he continued with his experiments, he discovered that these rays could penetrate through objects, such as wood and metal. Accidentally, his hand came in contact with the tube one day, and saw shadows of his hand with darker shadows that represented the bones. When he moved his hand, the shadow on the screen also moved. He named the shadow the first x-ray picture (Lewin, Paradijs and Heuvel 373). X-ray works in a unique way. As the wavelen gths of light diminish, they augment in terms of the energy that is produced. X-rays have lesser wavelengths, which cause higher energy compared to ultraviolet waves. This is the reason as to why professionals consider X-rays with respect to the energy they produce rather than their wavelength. This is partly because X-rays have minute wavelengths. Another reason is because X-ray light works like particles as opposed to waves. X-ray detectors gather definite photons of X-ray light that are remarkably different from the radio telescopes that contain large tableware designed to focus radio waves. When an X-ray of a person’s body is done in a hospital, professionals put X-ray sensitive films on one side of the patient’